2. Lydia Saad And Zach Hrynowski, “How Many Americans Believe in God”, Gallup Poll 2022, https://news.gallup.com/poll/268205/americans-believe-god.aspx.

3. Karl Marx, Introduction to A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s ‘Philosophy of Right’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 131, https://www.google.com/books/edition/Critique_of_Hegel_s_Philosophy_Of_Right/uxg
4AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0

4. N. Lobkowicz, “Karl Marx’s Attitude toward Religion,” The Review of Politics 26, no. 3 (1964): 319-320, https://www.jstor.org/stable/1405231.

5. James Thrower, “Religion as Social Construct,” in Religion: The Classical Theories, (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 161–201, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvxcrw6c.11.

6. V.I. Lenin, Lenin Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1973), 402-403, https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/cw/pdf/lenin-cw-vol-15.pdf.

7. Ibid, 43.

8. Dimitry V. Pospielovsky, A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Antireligious Policies: Volume 1 of A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory and Practice, and the Believer (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988), 28.

9. V. I. Lenin, V. I. Lenin Collected Works (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1962), 83.

10. Thomas J Blakeley, “Scientific Atheism: An Introduction,” Studies in Soviet Thought 4, no. 4 (1964): 279, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20098146.

11. Smolkin, Victoria, “The Religious Front: Militant Atheism Under Lenin and Stalin,” in A Sacred Space Is Never Empty: A History of Soviet Atheism, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018), 21–56, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1zgb089.6.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid. 

14. Ibid.

15. N. S. Timasheff, “The Church in the Soviet Union 1917-1941,” The Russian Review 1, no. 1 (1941): 21, https://www.jstor.org/stable/125428.

16. Sean McMeekin, The Russian Revolution: A New History (New York: Basic Books, 2017), 324-34.

17. Alexander Yakovlev, A Century of Violence in Russia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), 164.

18. Paul Kengor and Michael Knowles, The Devil and Karl Marx: Communism’s Long March of Death, Deception, and Infiltration (Gastonia, NC: Tan Books, 2020), 123.

19. Yakovlev, 165.

20. Smolkin, 21–56, and Victoria Smolkin, “The Specter Haunting Soviet Communism: Antireligious Campaigns Under Khrushchev,” In A Sacred Space Is Never Empty: A History of Soviet Atheism, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018), 57–83, https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1zgb089.7.

21. “Moscow Press Conference on 70th Anniversary of Operation North: Deportation of Nearly 10,000 of Jehovah’s Witnesses to Siberia,” JW.org, April 5, 2021, https://www.jw.org/en/news/jw/region/russia/Moscow-Press-Conference-on-70th-Anniversary-of-Operation-North/.

22. John Anderson, Religion, State and Politics in the Soviet Union and Successor States (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 2.

23. John W. Bociurkiw and John W. Strong, Religion and Atheism in the USSR and Eastern Europe (London: Macmillan, 1975), 37.

24. Bernhard Tonnes, “Albania: An Atheist State,” Religion in Communist Lands 3, no. 1-3 (1975): 4,  https://doi.org/10.1080/09637497508430712.

25. Valbona Bezati, “How Albania Became the World’s First Atheist Country,” Balkan Transitional Justice, August 28, 2019, https://balkaninsight.com/2019/08/28/how-albania-became-the-worlds-first-atheist-country/.

26. Glenn Curtis, Bulgaria: A Country Study (Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, 1992), 78.

27. William Korey, “The Origins and Development of Soviet Anti-Semitism: An Analysis,” Slavic Review 31, no. 1 (1972): 117, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2494148.

28. Arieh Tartakower, “The Jewish Problem in the Soviet Union,” Jewish Social Studies 22, no. 4 (1971): 290, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4466668.

29. “Constitution of the People’s Republic of China,” People’s Daily Online, December 4, 1982, Chapter II, Article 36, http://en.people.cn/constitution/constitution.html.

30. Department of Justice, China: Religion and Chinese Law, by Staff of the Global Legal Research Center, LL File No. 2018-016324, June 2018, https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1068681/download#:~:text=An%20official%20C
hinese%20government%20statement,well%20as%20many%20folk%20beliefs.

31. “Freedom of Religious Belief in China,” Information Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, October 1997, http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/Freedom/index.htm.

32. Claude Levenson, “Tibet: A Neo-Colonial Genocide,” in Forgotten Genocides: Oblivion, Denial, and Memory, edited by René Lemarchand, (Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), 91–105. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhnm9.9.

33. Frank Dikotter, The Cultural Revolution: A People’s History (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2016), 28.

34. Frank Dikotter, The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution, 1945-1957 (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2013), 197.

35. Ibid, 196.

36. Potter, Pitman B. “Belief in Control: Regulation of Religion in China.” The China Quarterly, no. 174 (2003): 317–37, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20058996.

37. William Nee, “In China, ‘Xi Jinping Thought’ is the Only Accepted Religion,” The Diplomat, August 17, 2021, https://thediplomat.com/2021/08/in-china-xi-jinping-thought-is-the-only-accepted-religion/.

38. “China: UN Human Rights Experts Alarmed by ‘Organ Harvesting’ Allegations,” United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, June 14, 2021, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=27167#:~:text=GENEVA%20(14%20June%202021)%20%E2%80%93,Christia
ns%2C%20in%20detention%20in%20C
hina.

39. Adrian Zenz, “China’s Own Documents Show Potentially Genocidal Sterilization Plans in Xinjiang,” Foreign Policy, July 1, 2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/01/china-documents-uighur-genocidal-sterilization-xinjiang/.

40. Laura Oliver, “Losing Their Religion? These are the World’s Most Atheistic Countries,” World Economic Forum, July, 25, 2017, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/07/losing-their-religion-these-are-the-world-s-most-atheistic-countries/ and United States State Department Report, “2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: China (Includes Tibet, Xinjiang, Hong Kong, and Macau),” 12 May 2021, https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/china/.

41. Nina Shea, “The Stakes of Cardinal Zen’s Trial,” The National Review, September 27, 2022, https://www.nationalreview.com/2022/09/the-stakes-of-cardinal-zens-trial/.

42. Paul Kengor and Michael Knowles, The Devil and Karl Marx: Communism’s Long March of Death, Deception, and Infiltration (Gastonia, NC: Tan Books, 2020), 127.

43. James Felak, “Polish Communist Perspectives on John Paul II: The Pope’s 1979 Pilgrimage to Poland in State, Party, and Police Documents,” The Polish Review 66, no. 1 (2021): 25,  https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/polishreview.66.1.0025.

44. Dennis Dunn, There Is No Freedom Without Bread! 1989 and the Civil War That Brought Down Communism, (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2009), 85.

45. Felak, 25.

46. Liz Dee, “The Making of a Martyr-The Murder of Father Jerzy Popieluszko,” Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, October 13, 2015, https://adst.org/2015/10/the-making-of-a-martyr-the-murder-of-father-jerzy-popieluszko/#:~:text=Fr.,were%20convicted%20and%20subsequently%20jailed.

47. “Who Was Richard Wurmbrand?,” The Voice of the Martyrs, accessed March 14, 2022, https://www.persecution.com/torturedforchrist/about/who-was-richard-wurmbrand/.

48. Ibid.

49. United States State Department Office of International Religious Freedom, “2020 Report on International Religious Freedom,” https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/

50. Loek Halman, et. al. (2022), Atlas of European Values: Change and Continuity in Turbulent Times. Open Press TiU, https://openpresstiu.pubpub.org/pub/atlasevs/release/5. For a more in-depth discussion of religion in post-communist societies, see also Sarkissian, Ani. “Religious Reestablishment in Post-Communist Polities.” Journal of Church and State 51, no. 3 (2009): 472–501, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23921633. And, Tatiana Podolinská, “Introduction: Religion in Post-Secular and Post-Communist Europe — Trends, Visions and Challenges,” Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 19, no. 1 (2010): 1–8. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43234503.

51. Religious Talks to Youth Serve Political Purposes, photograph, Europeana, accessed June 30, 2022, https://www.europeana.eu/en/item/2022043/10891_osa_6bac6869_8e50_4e14_8c7f
_6a8eb46432d5.