2. Joseph Stalin, October Revolution and the Tactics of the Russian Communists (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1934), 159-166, http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1924-2/industrialization-debate/industrialization-debate-texts/socialism-in-one-country-versus-permanent-revolution/. Speech was originally given on December 17, 1925.

3. Joshua Keefe, “Stalin and the Drive to Industrialize the Soviet Union,” Inquiries Journal 1, no. 10 (2009): 1, http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1684/stalin-and-the-drive-to-industrialize-the-soviet-union.

4. “The First of the Five Year Plans, 1928-1932,” University of Waterloo Special Collections & Archives, accessed 1/10/2022, https://uwaterloo.ca/library/special-collections-archives/first-five-year-plan.

5. R.W. Davies, M.B. Tauger, and S.G. Wheatcroft, “Stalin, Grain Stocks and the Famine of 1932-33,” Slavic Review 4, no. 53 (Autumn 1995): 652, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2501740.

6. Joseph Stalin, “Work in the Countryside,” Marxists Internet Archive, accessed April 11, 2023, https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1933/01/11.htm.

7. “Revelations from the Russian Archives: Internal Workings of the Soviet Union,” Library of Congress, accessed April 13, 2023, https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/intn.html#ukra.

8. Ibid.

9. Joseph Stalin, “Concerning the Policy of Eliminating the Kulaks as a Class,” Marxists Internet Archive, accessed April 11, 2023, https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1930/01/21.htm.

10. Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), 109.

11. Ibid., 124.

12. Gijs Kessler, “The Passport System and State Control over Population Flows in the Soviet Union, 1932-40,” Cahiers du Monde russe 42, no. 2/4, La police Politique en Union soviétique 1918-1953 (April-December 2001): 485, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174642.

13. Donald Bloxham and A. Dirk Moses, The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 396, https://books.google.com/books?id=xCHMFHQRNtYC&pg=PA396#v=onepage&q&f=false. While recent scholarly consensus has settled on approximately 4 million deaths, some experts argue that the death toll was several million more.

14. “Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine 1932-1933: Report to Congress, Commission on the Ukraine Famine” (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1988), 376, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d00831044s&view=1up&seq=403.

15. HREC Education, “General Essay: The Holodomor, 1932-1933 The Genocidal Famine in Ukraine,” Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Alberta, accessed 1/10/2022, https://education.holodomor.ca/teaching-materials/general-essay/.

16. “Holodomor,” Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, University of Minnesota, accessed April 13, 2023, https://cla.umn.edu/chgs/holocaust-genocide-education/resource-guides/holodomor.

17. Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2010), 50.

18. Robert Conquest, Reflections on a Ravaged Century (New York, NY: Norton, 2000), 116.

19. Elena Volkava, “The Kazakh Famine of 1930-33 and the Politics of History in the Post-Soviet Space,” Meeting Reports of the Kennan Institute,  https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-kazakh-famine-1930-33-and-the-politics-history-the-post-soviet-space.

20. Yuri Shapoval and Marta D. Olynyk, “The Holodomor: A Prologue to Repressions and Terror in Soviet Ukraine,” Harvard Ukranian Studies 43, no. 1/4, After the Holodomor: The Enduring Impact of the Great Famine on Ukraine (2008): 99, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23611468.

21. Anne Applebaum, “How Stalin Hid Ukraine’s Famine from the World,” The Atlantic, accessed April 15, 2023, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/red-famine-anne-applebaum-ukraine-soviet-union/542610/.

22. Walter Duranty, “Russians Hungry, But Not Starving,” New York Times, March 31, 1933, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/03/31/issue.html.

23. Walter Duranty, “Famine Toll Heavy in Southern Russia,” New York Times, August 24, 1933, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/08/24/issue.html.

24. A.W. Kliefoth, “Memorandum,” June 4, 1931, https://ukrainegenocide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/A.W.Kliefoth-Memorandum.pdf.

25. United States Commission on the Ukraine Famine, “Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine 1932-33,” p. 170.

26. Applebaum, op. cit.

27. “Malcom Muggeridge,” Gareth Jones—hero of Ukraine, accessed April 15, 2023, https://www.garethjones.org/overview/muggeridge.htm.

28. Applebaum, op. cit.

29. James E. Mace, “The American Press and the Ukrainian Famine,” in Genocide Watch, ed. Helen Fain (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 119-20.

30. Catherine Merridale, “The 1937 Census and the Limits of Stalinist Rule,” The Historical Journal 39, no. 1 (1996): 226-227,  https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639947.

31. Andrei Markevich, Natalya Naumenko, and Nancy Qian, “The Causes of Ukrainian Famine Mortality, 1923-1933,” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 29089 (2021): 8,  https://www.nber.org/papers/w29089.

32. Letter from the collective farmer Mykola Reva to Joseph Stalin about the Famine of 1933 in Ukraine. In Rozsekrechena pam’iat’), trans. by Bohdan Klid (2007), 573–75, 576, https://holodomor.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/5.-Holodomor-survivors-MY.pdf.